The Organization And Businesses Employee Turnover Cap

Introduction The compose research imposes that the organization and businesses incorporates employee turnover cap. DeNicco (2015) study reports an increase in the unemployment rate will decrease the odds of economic job recovery. Nevertheless, the organization needs to encourage managers to interact with employees in order to boast the morale and job satisfaction as well as the organization and performances (Millan, Hessels, Thurik, Aguado, 2011). The effect of communication, is a viral mechanism towards any business success (Woods,2014) Moreover, the importance of an incentive program in business will make employees feel valve within the organization (Baumann, 2014). When the organization consults with its workforce, the level of retention will increase and productivity demand increase the company’s reputation. Human Resource Management The basic foundation of every business and organization is the Human Resource department. Human Resource managers manage workers within the organization in addition to the operation, and employment payroll aspects (Woods,2015). In Jiang, Lepak, Han, Hong, Kim, and Winkler (2012) clarifies the importance of building a relationship across leaders and employees. Figure 1 a relationship between HR practices within HR programs (Jiang, Lepak, et.al, 2012) illustrate components maintain by the HR system. However, the theoretical impulses do not reference a policy of retaining key workers. Maximizing Authority The organization strategies waysShow MoreRelatedEssay On E-Learning1055 Words   |  5 PagesPerceptions of E-learning by Management Trainees in a Small, Fast-Food Restaurant Small businesses in the United States are significant drivers of economic growth, job creation, wealth, and the embodiment of the â€Å"American Dream† (Chow Dunkelberg, 2011; Valadez, 2012). In 2013, The Small Business Administration estimated there were â€Å"28.8 million small businesses that accounted for 99.7 percent of U.S. employer firms, 33.6% of known export value ($471 billion out of $930 billion), 33.6% of knownRead MoreThe Importance of Compesantions and Benefits781 Words   |  3 PagesCompensations and Benefits Compensation and benefits are vital in maintaining morale/satisfaction, encourage performance, and organization loyalty. Furthermore, it helps an organization to internal and external equity and reduce turnover. FedEx is an industry leader in US air freight and maintain high revenue growth while controlling market share. As stated in the case, FedEx was changing the traditional pension plan to a cash balance plan due to recent accounting rule changes and employees desiredRead MoreNotes On Amana Growth Fund Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesAmana Growth Fund (AMAGX) is an Islamic Growth Fund that favors large-cap investments. AMAGX seeks high-quality companies with sustainable growth rates, with free cash flows, and strong balance sheets. Companies free of excess debt are more likely to have low price volatility and constant rising dividends. Amana Growth Fund advocates ethical investing to avoid crises of reputational damage, higher costs, lost production, and fraudulent operations. Am ana Growth Funds Trust is the first and largestRead MoreMoving Human Resources into an Employee Empowerment Culture855 Words   |  3 PagesSituation Moving Human Resources into an Employee Empowerment Culture Issue- Employees are no longer content to work in an environment of adversity and autocracy. Instead, the decade-long tradition of the Human Rights Movement for more than one generation lets individuals know that empowerment, change, respect, and actualization are powerful tools that will not only benefit employees, but increase productivity and profits for owners and managers. This has been the case for Yammer, the San FranciscoRead MoreIndividual Employment Opportunity Act An Employer1587 Words   |  7 PagesCompensation is one of the most important aspects of business. It attracts, motivates, and retains skilled employees; therefore, evaluating compensation correctly to meet the needs of the business and satisfy the wants of the employee is also extremely important. The aspects that Echo Inc. should consider when evaluating their compensation practices are the different limitations placed on pay, the benefits that are required by the government, optional benefits, and the differ ent pay for performanceRead MoreUnderstanding And Addressing Employee Turnover Through Engagement2914 Words   |  12 PagesUnderstanding and Addressing Employee Turnover through Engagement Currently considered the Industry of Opportunity for 2014, the hospitality industry remains ever evolving; growth and opportunity abundant. Though it is a blossoming, promising industry, it has struggles like every other. Businesses all over the world find themselves attempting to understand their ongoing financial challenges and struggles. It is easy for anyone to look at the bottom line and recognize that a company is being negativelyRead MoreA Brief Note On Compensation And Benefits Plan2021 Words   |  9 Pagesare the organizational chart, point plan for of the indicated roles, salary survey for benchmark positions and job descriptions. The compensation range of the company is from $28,800 to $125,000. Benefits are becoming increasingly expensive for businesses to provide and â€Å"the range and options of benefits are changing rapidly, to include a flexible package arrangement (Wiatrowski, 1988).† While the alignment of the business strategy is shown through industry match of compensation in the 50 percentileRead MoreWal-Mart Health Care Dilemma3563 Words   |  15 Pagestreatment of its employees, suppliers, the environment, and the overall economic impact on communities. Wal-Mart has been criticized by some community groups, women’s rights groups, grassroots organizations, and labor unions, specifically for its extensive foreign product sourcing, low wages, low rates of employee health insurance enrollment, resistance to union representation, sexism, and management efforts to pressure employees to vote for specific parties during national elections. Wal-Mart, oneRead MoreCostco Case Study1753 W ords   |  8 Pagesthrough the warehouse club are in at lower prices than the average retailer, hence purchase of membership. Costco’s business model is to generate high sales while offering club members low pricing on items. The concept of rapid inventory turnover with operating efficiencies has enabled Costco to generate profitability at a lower profit margin, especially compared to traditional wholesalers, merchandisers and supercenters. The overall business model is innovate and effective. The modelRead MoreTalent Management, Work-Life Balance and Retention Strategies3829 Words   |  16 Pages--------------2-3 Influence of human resource strategies on retention--------------------------------------3-5 Using retention as a strategic HR tool ----------------------------------------------------------5-6 Talent management – a tool for employee retention ---------------------------------------6-7 Challenging assignments and retention ---------------------------------------------------------7 Work-life balance and retention -----------------------------------------------------------------8

The Long Term Effects Of British Colonization On The...

The long term effects of British colonization on the feminist movements in India and Nigeria can be seen through Katherine Mayo’s Mother India, the film, â€Å"Mother India†, Misty Bastian’s Vultures of the Market Place, and Falola and Paddock’s The Women’s War of 1929. In India, imperialism delayed the advancement of the feminist movement due to the priority of the nationalist movement. In Nigeria, imperialism spurred the feminist movement due to the autonomy of the women. Throughout this essay I will compare and contrast the feminist movements in India and Nigeria, in light of British colonization. The British colonized India in 1877 and a system of direct rule was put in place. This system gave complete power to the British officials. The British officials consulted with Indian men to identify the Indian customs and traditions; with this information the British made the customs into laws. The problem with this process was that the customs and tr aditions were not followed by all and were not always clear. Throughout the time of British control in India, there was much criticism of Indian gender roles, marriages, births, religion, education, traditions, and customs. Katherine Mayo (1927) demonstrated all of the critics that the British had of the Indian people. Mayo critiqued gender roles and the male superiority in Mother India (Kham 1957). One tradition explained to Mayo was that young daughters would be sent into the forest alone if they were not married off by the age ofShow MoreRelated Violence Against Women Act of 1994 Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pageson behalf of a battered spouse. The unlawful nature of this failure for state or federal government intervention against this crime contributed to the systematic abuse of women in the family. The traditions, customs, and common law found in both British and American societies continued right up until the last decade of the 20th century and left the battered wives and very frequently, her children, at the mercy of the husband. It wasn ’t until the 1990’s when the government began to do something toRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1924 Words   |  8 Pagesimprovement. These transformations included the application of advanced technology, new political aspects, and economic growth. Neocolonialism was born from Progress, which can be explained as the influence foreign countries had on Latin America’s colonization. There was, however, different views on which way Progress should be achieved Latin America. Adam Smith and Karl Marx are examples of the main two views. Adam Smith, a Scottish Philosopher, was a critique of controlled markets and supported theRead MoreTrobriand Islanders-Malinowski and Weiner10855 Words   |  44 Pagesand space (the social domain) and women as controlling events in ahistorical time and space (the cosmological domain) (1976, 20). This distinction, she later observed, was an attempt to escape the connotations of two separate spheres constituted by terms like private/ public or nature/culture (1986, 97). Rather than eschewing such invidious Western dichotomies her analysis ultimately reinforces them, by articulating them with another—eternal/historical. Such Eurocentric dichotomies typically presumeRead MoreEssay on Like water for chocolate6961 Words   |  28 Pages20th century magical realism reared its head as an influential, if not genre, style of literature, usually Latin in origin. Distinct from realism, magical realism aims to seize the paradox of the union of opposites. The realistic laws of cause and effect are suspended: whereas events in realistic novels occur for reasons that are eventually made clear and lead logically to the conclusion of the plot, in magical realism events don’t follow these â€Å"normal† expectations so we often see things happeningRead MoreThe Federal Republic of Nigeria Essay5255 Words   |  22 Pagesnorthern areas of Nigeria have commonly been considered Muslim, but the middle belt has a mixture of Muslim and Christian followers. The south is traditionally considered Christian and features Protestant and Africanized churches, such as the Aladura movement among the Yoruba and Roman Catholicism among the Igbo. There was also a sizeable Muslim population in the South. In addition, traditional religions, characterized by worship of primordial spirits, dead ancestors, and spirits of places, is practicedRead MoreNervous Conditions Analysis3875 Words   |  16 Pagesschool dance. The argument soon develops into a fight, where Nyasha punches Babamukuru and Babamukuru strikes her back. Tambu is completely shocked by these events. After the fight, Nyasha becomes distant and focuses on her studies and exams. During term break, everyone returns to visit the family back in the homestead. Tambu does not want to go back as she is much more comfortable living with Babamukuru. Babamukurus wife, Maiguru also does not look forward going back, because there she is expectedRead MoreNervous Conditions Analysis3886 Words   |  16 Pagesschool dance. The argument soon develops into a fight, where Nyasha punches Babamukuru and Babamukuru strikes her back. Tambu is completely shocked by these events. After the fight, Nyasha becomes distant and focuses on her studies and exams. During term break, everyone returns to visit the family back in the homestead. Tambu does not want to go back as she is much more comfortable living with Babamukuru. Babamukurus wife, Maiguru also does not look forward going back, because there she is expectedRead MoreEruopean Expansion4283 Words   |  18 PagesExploration and Colonization Summarize the motives, expectations, problems, and rewards associated with the age of European expansion. Describe the impact of Europeans on Native American (Indian) cultures and the impact of native cultures on Europeans. Then explain why it was or was not a good thing that European culture prevailed. Which one of the following do you think made the most important contribution to European expansion: Renaissance thought, the search for new trade routes, or new developmentsRead MoreAge of Enlightenment and Century5169 Words   |  21 Pagesthe sixteenth century Northern Renaissance. 4. 84: Compare and contrast the views of Machiavelli and Rousseau on human nature and the relationship between government and the governed. 5. 85: To what extent is the term Renaissance a valid concept for a distinct period in early modern European history? 6. 88: Describe and analyze the ways in which the development of printing altered both the culture and the religion of Europe during the period 145-1600Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesNational Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering

Policy Power And Politics In Health Care

Question: Discuss about the Policy Power And Politics In Health Care. Answer: Introduction: The human society nowadays has advanced considerably with the older people, often, their needs, their preferences and they themselves are vastly neglected. With their psychosocial needs unheard, their health deteriorates further and their health care needs increase at large. Time withers away the living, hence with increasing age, the onset many health complexities leading to various chronic diseases are facilitated. These chronic conditions that attempt to cripple the ageing members of the society include coronary heart disease, diabetes, kidney disorders, respiratory disorders and what not. To cope with all these age derived health complexities the aged populations require extensive and compassionate health care. It has to be understood that the health care needs of the ageing individuals are entirely different from that of the younger or middle-aged patients. Hence there is a need for a specific health care policy for the ageing population, which can address the specific needs and requirements of the ageing population with critical Health Care needs. It has to be understood that the critically ill ageing patient population have sensitive and critical needs and they are mostly in the need for a strategically curated palliative care plan. And in this context, the aged care services aim at overall care for the ageing individuals not just emphasizing on the physical health of the patients but also divulging on restoring and fortifying the psychosocial health of the patients. This assignment will focus on the aged care policies in place in the health care industry and the factors affect the formation and improvisation of the aged care policies taking Australian context as an example. Relevance to Australian health care system: Now aged care is a relatively new concept to health care industry and the needs of the ageing populations for health care has been neglected until now, and the world health authorities have only recently stated to take notice of the distinct needs of the ageing populations. Aged care in all demographics has two distinct bifurcations, short term care or long-term care or permanent and respite residential care. It has to be understood that every policy in the context of health care is extremely interdependent of the demographic where it will be implemented. As political context is extremely influential in the case of policy making and implementation, the demographic factor is an important aspect in case of policy structuring. The concept of aged care in case of Australian context is much more considerate and the structuring of policies, in this case, is much more advanced in the context of benefits to the aged population (Falls prevention. 2017). Morality reasoning: While analysing a policy, it is of much importance that the policy is evaluated in the context of economic, political and socio-cultural aspects. If we consider the moral ground for this policy it has to be understood that the fall prevention policy under the aged care is highly morally relevant for the Australian health care system, as the last report has contested that more than 10% of the aged patients in the health care facilities suffered from fatal consequences after sustaining a fall in the hospital facility (Robertson et al., 2014). It has to be understood that aging comes coupled with a number of other age associated health care complexities, and sustaining a fall in already a critical health care disorders can further complicate the medical conditions of the patients, and can exponentially increase the suffering of the already tortured patients significantly (Britton et al., 2016). Policy context: Often the majority of the ageing patient population take the long-term residential ageing care benefit, where the ageing and critically ill patients are under the careful guidance of the health care professionals. In the context of critically ill patients in the palliative unit, one of the major complications that arise with alarming frequency was fall. Occurrences of falls in the aged care unit resulted in major injuries and further complications for the already critically ill aged patients and sometimes led to even fatal consequences. Fall prevention policy under the umbrella term of aged care policies was published in the month of May 2011, in the NSW local health districts, under the provision of aged care for health population and health promotional activities (Britt et al.2013). The main purpose behind the establishment of this policy was to reduce the significant amount of avoidable risk that the consequences of a critically ill aged patient falling off of the bed will inflict. This policy was also aimed to ensure that the social, psychological and economic impact of the fall on the ageing patient and his family is significantly reduced. The contents of the policy mandate the health care professional to take necessary strategic actions to ensure that all the potential risks to the patient falling can be averted. These actions include screening, assessing and identifying fall risk factors and eradicating those factors by the means of complying with best practice guidelines. There are 9 specific standards that guide the health care professional to ensure that the ageing patient is no risk of falling within the NSW health care facility (Chen et al., 2017). Public spending on the policy: Whenever a new policy is developed there are many socioeconomic and environmental determinants playing a pivotal part in the establishment and adequate implementation of the policies. The prevalent social notions regarding ageing and aged care is a major factor in the successful establishment and implementation of the policies. The general social ideology, in this case, is prevalently dominated by the lack of awareness in the mass about the differential healthcare needs of the ageing population and consequences of complications sustaining a fall. The society is never much aware of the impact sustaining a fall can have on the deteriorating health of a critically ill ageing patient, which heavily discourages public spending on shaping the aged care policies and infrastructure for the aged care as well (Hughes, 2017). However, the government encourages public spending on the aged care concept of healthcare industries as well. Considering the fact that the social ideologies about the health care needs of the ageing population is slowly but steadily changing, the mass is now more aware of the critical and complex health Care needs of our elders in our society and hence the public spending from on the aged care policies have increased as well in Australia. Therefore the public spending on the sector of aged care is improving progressively and it can be home that with the change in the social ideologies the funding will increase further (Savy et al., 2017). Cost effectiveness: Another most effective parameter for analyzing a policy and its impact is the cost-effectiveness of the policy that is the justified government spending on the policy under consideration. In this context, it must be mentioned that the government allotted cost for aged care has increased by 44% in the last 5 years in Australia, which is a magnanimous change (Henderson et al., 2016). These positive or progressive changes in the public service sector like health care is undoubtedly commendable, however, the impact of such spending should not negatively impact other relevant sectors that need equal or equivalent attention. However, it must also be mentioned that the need for such policies n health care is paramount as well. Hence it can be safely concluded that the extra expense in the context of the aged care in the demographic that has a significant ageing population is justified. The political context of the policy: The power play of social political position is an important fact that facilitates policy-making an implementation in the Healthcare sector but at all other Public Service sectors in different nations. It has to be understood the critical decision making about the establishment and limitation of major Health Care policies are critically dependent on the political agreement and enthusiasm. Similarly, in case of establishment of aged care policies, the political position within the government has the maximum power to decide what policies will be implemented based on the cost-effectiveness and minimum expenditure and the government trust. Unfortunately, in this case, the politicians is much more on pleasing the majority of the citizens with policies and protocols to ensure that establishment of the new policies will be of electoral benefit to the politician. Moreover, the friction within the political context between the leading and opposition parties often pose challenges and hurdles in the path for a publicly beneficial policy to be implemented (Xiao et al., 2014). It must be understood that the fall prevention policies that is the subject of discussion in this assignment have been a major breakthrough in the Healthcare directives all throughout the world. It must be mentioned that there was a conspicuous lack of compassion and emphasis on the specific needs of the ageing population of the society and through this particular policy, the approach and handling patterns of the Healthcare professionals will also take a better turn towards the unfortunate and critically ill ageing patients. Hence it can hope that the political and societal measures together will bring forth most beneficial policies for the sake of the disadvantaged and neglected sectors of the society (Willis et al., 2016). Policy scope: Fall prevention strategy is a national document, and the fall prevention policy is just the beginning for an organised and well-curated health strategy for the ageing population of this society. Along with that, we must also consider the fact that this policy directly affects the health care professionals, their efficiency and dedication to the ageing patients. This policy and its protocols can be the first step in the direction for the development of a high compassionate and safe care plan for the ageing patients that are critically ill. It will be the perfect foundation for the development of many such safety policies that will change the standards of the health care system at large (Althaus et al.,. 2012). Evolution of policy: As the average age of the global population has increased, the policies related to the health care of the aged individual has undergone modification that has helped to deal with the new challenges that are encountered in the modern day healthcare system. The history of the Government Health Care related to the aged individual in Australia can be traced back the year of 1920. However, during the initial stage, the total number of people within the highest category was much lower and hence the government did not have to make any special effort to organize those policies. From the year 1939, the aged health care service was an important part of all types of Community Health Care Centre and also it was a part of social security. In the year 1991, the government introduced health and Housing policies that were aimed to improve upon the health status of the aged individual (Pajala et al., 2016). Later on in the year 2001, the health and aged care department were introduced that was aimed to improve upon the human services related to the health service of aged individuals. In 2008 the government introduced a Healthcare policy for the indigenous population (Carande-Kulis et al., 2015). The government of Australia had introduced the policy of pension and health insurance schemes in order to ensure that the aged people are able to look after their health challenges. The investment that is made by the government on the aged healthcare has also been increased in the recent times. The total cost that has been invested in the support of the aged individual has been raised to the amount of 32.25 billion dollars in the year 2015, which was just 15.60 dollar in the year 2010 (Laflamme et al., 2015). The rate at which the pension has been provided has also been increased to the amount of 59.7% that has helped to deal with all the higher cost of the healthcare service for the aged individual (Uusi-Rasi et al., 2015). Fall has been one of the major causes of injuries and other health challenges among elderly people. It is important in the context to ethically analyze the consequence of the fall that causes severe injuries among aged people. It is the ethical duty of the government to ensure that the policies related to fall prevention among elderly are implemented properly that will help to improve the health condition of the physically disabled. Property implementation of the health care policy related to fall prevention can help to have a better lifestyle of aged people. Due to age-related constraints, most of the individual in the given age category are not able to have a proper lifestyle and carry on the daily activities that can help them to deal with the challenges (Voukelatos et al., 2015). It is the ethical duties of all stakeholders of Health Organization to ensure that proper care of The aged individuals are implemented that can help to reduce the side effect of injuries and other conseq uences of health challenges that are associated with fall and other unintentional accidents. With the help of fall prevention policies, the ethical dilemmas related to the care of aged people can be overcome that are related in this age category due to the fact that they will get full support from the society in order to overcome the physical constraints. It is also important to ensure that equality is maintained while taking care of the aged individual that will help them to be an active part of the society and also able to motivate them to overcome all the major health challenges (Voukelatos et al., 2015). Future direction of the policy According to the report of World Health Organization falls are one of the prominent causes of unintentional injuries among the aged individuals. From the Global report that is published by World Health Organization is clear that nearly 35% all the population of age category about 65 years have been the victim of unintentional fall. The person who is above 70 years have also been the victim of fall and the percentage varies is from 40 to 50% (Deandrea et al., 2013). The injuries that are caused due to unintentional fall can have severe effect depending upon the age sex and other physical attributes of the aged individual. The night time is believed to be the most vulnerable time of the day, owing to the fact that most of the fall occurs during this time of the day. It is believed that the people within the colder climate have also the high trends of being the victim of fall that is the cause of the injury among the aged. The main objectives of the analysis done by the World Health org anization are to provide recommendations for future change of the policies. Few of the major injuries that are suffered by the aged individual from the Fall and other types of accidents include the hip fracture and 95% accident results from this injury (Trnvall et al., 2016). The future policy of the accidents needs to include the primary intervention steps that are needed to recover from the consequence of fall and all types of injuries that occur due to the fall. The primary support system is one of the fundamental requirements that are needed in order to minimize the consequence of the fall and also the injuries that are associated. Recommendations for future change The report of the World Health organization also suggests that most of the fall also occurs outside from that of home. The policies for fall prevention have thus been made in accordance with the report of the World Health Organization so that it is possible to prevent the injuries that are caused due to the fall. For example, the fall policy that is implemented by the government has protocols that have provided them with extra care during the time of winter. It also aims to ensure that most of the aged people can have their daily working activities inside the house, where the chance of fall is much lower compared to that in the outdoor environment. Hence, the reports that are published by the World Health Organization have significant effects on the fall prevention policy that are implemented by the government of Australia. It is recommended to make future changes depending upon the loopholes and limitations that exist in the present policies of fall. It is important to deal with the consequence of support system that is needed in order to decrease the chance of the fall among the aged individual (Schoene et al., 2014). In the current scenario, there has been a great debate to provide the definition of the fall and its cause among the aged individual. Hence, it is important for the future policies to define the importance of the health needs that is needed to provide description of the fall policy. It is also important to identify the actual cause of the fall that can help to change the policies Addressing the needs of the disadvantaged groups The fall prevention policy can be of great support to the disadvantaged group within the society that will allow them to have equal rights and opportunity in the community of Australia and also able them to take active participation in all social activities. It is possible to deal with all the challenges of inequality that the aged individuals have to face among the disadvantaged group of the society. The fall prevention policy is thus, an effective policy that can help to remove the physical disabilities. It can be also mentioned in the context that the aged individual among the socially disadvantaged groups is more vulnerable to have the consequence of fall (Robinovitch et al., 2013). Conclusion The policies related to the fall prevention among the aged individual can have the result to improve the health condition of the aged individual. Due to the physical disability related to the age, it is common for the older people to face unintentional accidents that will result in the fall and thereby cause physical injuries. These physical injuries are the cause of several fractures and other types of risks that are associated. The government of Australia has implemented the policies that have helped to reduce upon the consequence of fall among the aged individuals. The main purpose of this policy is to minimize the effects and adverse consequence of fall that can cause severe level of physical injuries among the aged individual. The effective planning process is needed that will help to improve the present condition of the fall policy that can help to improve upon the health policies related to the aged care and also provide them with the opportunity to participate in all types of social activities. It is also the important make suitable changes within the policy making process that will help to remove upon the drawbacks that exist in the current policy. References: Althaus, C., Bridgman, P., Davis, G. (2012).The Australian policy handbook. Allen Unwin Britt, H., Miller, G. C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., ... O'Halloran, J. (2013).General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health(No. 33). Sydney University Press. Britton, K. F., Durey, A., O'grady, M. J., Slack?Smith, L. M. (2016). Does residential aged care need dental professionals? A qualitative study on dental professionals' perceptions in Australia.Gerodontology,33(4), 554-561. Carande-Kulis, V., Stevens, J. A., Florence, C. S., Beattie, B. L., Arias, I. (2015). A costbenefit analysis of three older adult fall prevention interventions.Journal of safety research,52, 65-70. Chen, Y. H., Jones, C., Osborne, D. (2017). Exploratory study of Australian aged care staff knowledge and attitudes of later life sexuality.Australasian Journal on Ageing. Deandrea, S., Bravi, F., Turati, F., Lucenteforte, E., La Vecchia, C., Negri, E. (2013). Risk factors for falls in older people in nursing homes and hospitals. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of gerontology and geriatrics,56(3), 407-415. Falls prevention. (2017). Health.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 15 June 2017, from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/falls Henderson, J., Willis, E., Xiao, L., Blackman, I. (2016). Missed care in residential aged care in Australia: An exploratory study.Collegian. Hughes, M. (2017). Towards the Inquiry into Aged Care and Beyond: The Promise and Challenge of a New Era in LGBTI Ageing.Ageing and Sexualities: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 183. Laflamme, L., Monrrez-Espino, J., Johnell, K., Elling, B., Mller, J. (2015). Type, number or both? A population-based matched case-control study on the risk of fall injuries among older people and number of medications beyond fall-inducing drugs.PloS one,10(3), e0123390. Pajala, S., Kolehmainen, L., Koivula, R., Rback, M., Lounamaa, A. (2016). 502 Prevention of accidental falls among older people in FinlandNational Ikin-program.Injury Prevention,22(Suppl 2), A181-A181. Robertson, H., Nicholas, N., Rosenfeld, T., Georgiou, A., Johnson, J., Travaglia, J. (2014, August). A virtual aged care system: when health informatics and spatial science intersect. InHIC(pp. 137-142). Robinovitch, S. N., Feldman, F., Yang, Y., Schonnop, R., Leung, P. M., Sarraf, T., ... Loughin, M. (2013). Video capture of the circumstances of falls in elderly people residing in long-term care: an observational study.The Lancet,381(9860), 47-54. Savy, P., Warburton, J., Hodgkin, S., Hodgkin, J. W. S. (2017). Challenges to the provision of community aged care services across rural Australia: perceptions of service managers.Rural and Remote Health,17(4059). Schoene, D., Valenzuela, T., Lord, S. R., de Bruin, E. D. (2014). The effect of interactive cognitive-motor training in reducing fall risk in older people: a systematic review.BMC geriatrics,14(1), 107. Trnvall, E., Marcusson, J., Wressle, E. (2016). Health-related quality of life in relation to mobility and fall risk in 85-year-old people: a population study in Sweden.Ageing and Society, 1-16. Uusi-Rasi, K., Patil, R., Karinkanta, S., Kannus, P., Tokola, K., Lamberg-Allardt, C., Sievnen, H. (2015). Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA internal medicine,175(5), 703-711. Voukelatos, A., Merom, D., Sherrington, C., Rissel, C., Cumming, R. G., Lord, S. R. (2015). The impact of a home-based walking programme on falls in older people: the Easy Steps randomised controlled trial.Age and ageing,44(3), 377-383. Willis, E., Reynolds, L., Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016).Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences. Xiao, L. D., Wang, J., He, G. P., De Bellis, A., Verbeeck, J., Kyriazopoulos, H. (2014). Family caregiver challenges in dementia care in Australia and China: a critical perspective.BMC geriatrics,14(1), 6.

Thomas Evans Essay Example For Students

Thomas Evans Essay One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest12-6-96General PsychologyDr. SabinIn the movie, One Flew Over the Cuckoos nest, there was a character named McMurphy, played by Jack Nickolson, who was admitted into a mental institution for medical testing after having been convicted of statutory rape. It was obvious that he was only faking and he thought that he could get off from having to serve his sentence in a work camp. He pretty much saw everything and everyone as a joke but the only person who he didnt fool was nurse Ratchet. He thought that he would be able to leave in a couple of months, the time of his sentence in the work camp, until he found out that he wouldnt be allowed to leave. We will write a custom essay on Thomas Evans specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After a few days he began to see the patients as a group that needed more enjoyment in their lives and he wanted to try to find some way that they could get out and go to a bar and watch the world series. The nursing staff seemed uncaring to their lack of enjoyment to life and basically refused to allow the patients to even watch the game on the TV during their chores even after having took a vote where a mute patient nicknamed Chief for the first time communicated that he wanted to watch the game. McMurphy had befriended Chief and later discovered that he was not deaf and dumb but was only faking his muteness and they planed to escape together. McMurphy later found out that many of these patients were here only because they put themselves here and didnt want to leave even though they had the option to. He tried his best to bring some life to these patients such as teaching them to play poker and gambling for cigarettes. He even went so far as to escape over a fence only to open the gate and to get the patients onto a nearby bus and drive them to the docks where he took them on a fishing trip. Also he arranged for his girlfriend and a prostitute to come to the institution at night with some alcohol and had a little party for them before he decided he was going to escape. The next morning one of the patients who was suicidal was found by the nurses in bed with the prostitute. Nurse Ratchet told him that he would tell his mother what he had done and the patient was found later dead on the floor from having had slashed his own throat. McMurphy never did leave and he was given a form of therapy called ECT, electro-convulsive therapy, and after many sessions this left him in a near-comatose state. One night, Chief had killed McMurphy out of pity for him as he thought it was undignified that they had taken nearly all of his humanity and the movie ended with Chief escaping after it had been said that it couldnt be done. Electro-convulsive therapy is a technique used to treat disorders such as major depression and schizophrenia. Patients usually receive one treatment about three time a week for usually ten sessions. Electrodes are attached to the temples and a strong electrical shock is given, enough that convulsions are produced. This application of current induces unconsciousness so it becomes nearly impossible for the patients to recall the treatment. The patients are given a sedative beforehand and are also given muscle-relaxants because the shock produces such strong convulsions that the patients would otherwise flail about wildly sometimes breaking bones. With these muscle-relaxants the convulsions are barely noticeable to any onlookers. Also this form of therapy is not given to patients that have heart-problems or high blood pressure. .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c , .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c .postImageUrl , .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c , .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c:hover , .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c:visited , .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c:active { border:0!important; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c:active , .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50cb139dbad2b57aafbaa887e6aa120c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo And Juliet Tragedy EssayECT has been under much controversy for many reasons. Many professionals dislike the idea of passing electric current through the head that produces convulsions, even if they are given sedatives before hand. There is also the side effects. There is disruption in the recall of recent events and some patients suffer this lapse of memory on a permanent basis. No one seems to know how ECT works and for reasons stated above, it was outlawed in California but later overturned by the courts.

Your role is to evaluate the significant progress and barriers to achieving one of these pillars. Based on iatas four pillar strategy The WritePass Journal

Your role is to evaluate the significant progress and barriers to achieving one of these pillars. Based on iatas four pillar strategy Abstract Your role is to evaluate the significant progress and barriers to achieving one of these pillars. Based on iatas four pillar strategy by 1.4%, but this could be largely attributed to the 2.7% capacity increase, when combined with efficiency savings. The purpose of this paper is to look at the pillars very briefly, before focusing on one of these pillars and considering the impact that this has had on the aviation industry. Consideration will be given to the pillar under analysis and, through the use of a PESTLE analysis, the impact on the industry will then be looked at with a view to identifying how this can be improved for all parties, in the future. As part of the agenda for change, four pillars were identified that needed to be targeted in the long run. These were technology, operations, infrastructure and economic measures. For the purposes of the analysis here, the economic measures will be looked at in conjunction with understanding the challenges faced by the aviation industry, in order to meet with these economic measures, but also to retain a commercially viable offering, in keeping with the pressures on the economy, as a whole. The other measures such as infrastructure, technology and operations will all have a direct impact on the industry, for example, the governments are required to consider the better approach to structuring the aviation industry, so that it is easier to create efficiencies. This could include the relocation of airports, or the storage associated with commercial airlines, so as to reduce the amount of trade required to these sites. For some companies, this presents a real opportunity, as they are able to gain access to new routes and increased efficiencies, but for others, it may be a challenge when it comes to redirecting routes or being able to maintain its budget approach, by virtue of the airport routes (nternational Civil Aviation Organisation 2004). The issue here, however, is in relation to the economic measures and restrictions that are placed on the industry. This is recognised as being an approach that may be necessary as a result of a failure in one of the three other pillars. The economic measures are therefore seen as measures of last resort, where it is necessary for the industry to put in place restrictions that are operable across the entire industry and create a co-ordinated approach that is cost effective (Hartzell   2006). This would mean that airlines would only be accountable once, but would be required to comply with these central standards. PESTLE Analysis (Political Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal) In order to consider this pillar further, as well as the potential barriers to its implementation, a PESTLE analysis of the industry will be undertaken, with specific reference to the challenges now being presented as a result of the economic measures. This will offer a real understanding of the reasons why the measures might fail. This will ultimately then allow for possible solutions to be ascertained and put forward for the future. Political There is a great deal of political pressure on the aviation industry to conform (and be seen to conform) with these international requirements. Individual companies within the aviation industry are required to ensure that they keep records, make efforts to comply and are able to accurately state their position and plans to reduce their environmental impact (TE/CAN-Europe 2006). Governments, as they have signed up to the agreement, are now also putting in place their own requirements for those within the aviation industry, such as the need to report on CO2 emissions and their carbon footprints, as part of their annual report, again placing political pressures on the company itself. Furthermore, the political pressure on the government in question is reflected in the need for the overall structure to change. As part of this, however, there are incentives being offered including grants to purchase new more efficient aircrafts and the ability to gain rewards for those organisations that are particularly efficient environmentally. Despite this, there is no one overall coherent situation which presents a real challenge for the airline industry, in terms of planning for the future (Jowett,2005). Economic The airline industry is facing a substantial economic challenge, aside from that attached to the four pillars of climate change. With more families facing financial pressures, there is a likely reduction in the amount of travel for leisure purposes and an increasing desire for families to consider cheaper alternatives, or at least to look for cheaper options, such as budget airlines or less popular routes. Alongside this, there have been challenges to the bottom line, due to increasing fuel costs and the threat of fines from the Environment Agency, if they are unable to comply with carbon emission limits. Furthermore, other governmental requirements have been placed on the industry in relation to the need to have additional security and whilst this is not directly limited to the environmental measures, it is another indication of the way in which the government is impacting and restricting the economic freedom of the industry (The Observer 2005). Social Families are becoming considerably more widespread, with regular foreign holidays becoming increasingly popular. This and an increasing global approach to the sale of goods and products also increase the demand for cost effective transport. This is potentially in direct conflict with the demands being placed on organisations to ensure that they comply with environmental standards. On the whole, however, it is suggested that the public in general will support the agenda of increasing the interest in environmental impact, thus providing an opportunity for companies to use this as a selling point to the public, particularly if they exceed the standards being set (Lee 2004) . Technological This is a pillar in itself, showing a recognition that technology provides real opportunities within the airline industry, both to create overall efficiencies, but also to deal with the environmental concerns that arise currently. The technology force is seen to be two fold. Technology can be used to create efficiencies, for example, to plan routes and to determine the most appropriate way of providing the end service (The Guardian 2006). Automation and factors such as checking in passengers all offer efficiency saving options, but the main issue here is that technology allows for issues such as carbon emissions to be monitored more actively and this can then be used to manage the progress of a company and as a means of looking for improvements for the future (Graham 2000). Environmental The very essence of the issues being considered here is the increasing demands being placed on all industries to consider the environmental impact that they are having, both locally and globally. The airline industry is a particularly vast, due to the heavy environmental impact that it has, on a global level, and as such it is then necessary to comply with the standards agreed by the various different governments, during the recent IATA conference (Owen and Lee 2006). Having an enforced standard is therefore going to place a burden on the airline industries, although also potentially offers opportunities, as the governments look at ways of creating incentives to match the targets being placed on the industry to improve its position and also to use this as a means of gaining a good PR story and being seen to be environmentally conscious. Legal Legal requirements relating to environmental performance are becoming increasingly stringent, in the UK, with the government now looking to enforce certain behaviours on the industry. Other areas of legal scrutiny are also increasing the pressure on the industry; however, for the purposes of this analysis, it is noted that the main concern is the legal requirement on companies to report their status on their environmental capability and also to ensure that they remain aware of the future demands, so that investment can be made, as and when, rather than being a substantial financial burden, at a point in the future (Green Skies Alliances 2006). Any failures in this area could result in costly and time consuming legal battles and may ultimately result in the fining of the company by agencies such as the Environment Agency.   Barriers and Possible Solutions By looking at the issues above and the focus that is now being shown by the IATA on economic measures, as well as the impact that this is having on the airline industry, as a whole, there are some obvious barriers to these measures being successful. Firstly, there is the need to identify that, whilst there has been a co-operative approach to the climate change agenda, there is no one coherent system in place. This creates difficulties for both individual governments when it comes to creating a set of rules and regulations that are compliant with the overall standards, but are also relevant to the individual country. A potential solution to this barrier would be the need to offer greater flexibility to the individual jurisdictions to aim towards the overall goals, but without being too prescriptive in their approach (Trucost   2004). Secondly, a real barrier that is being faced is the fact that the airline industry is facing a variety of challenges, as it currently stands and therefore adding pressures to this is not going to work well with the industry, in terms of gaining acceptance. It is suggested, therefore, that although there need to be fines and restrictions put in place, a greater emphasis also needs to be put on the incentives and encouragement of the airline industry to behave in a certain way; for example, by allowing those companies which exceed their standards to gain a financial benefit, or by offering grants when the companies are considering making environmentally friendly improvements (Sewill 2003). Finally, it is suggested that one of the man barriers is that companies simply do not see a benefit being derived and therefore environmental restrictions are seen as being very negative to their current bottom line. A way of combating this would therefore be to assist companies in deriving a benefit from these restrictions; for example, by offering a grading that the company can then publicise and use as part of its marketing. The consumer public, as a whole, supports the idea of becoming more environmentally friendly and, as such, a method whereby the airline industry can gain a positive branding from complying with standards will be a way of offering an incentive and gaining more positive support, rather than being viewed as something that simply must be complied with. References Graham A (2000) Demand for leisure travel and limits to growth. Journal of Air Transport Management 6, pp109–118. Green Skies Alliance (10/7/06) Leaked Government report sets out alarming growth in air travel emissions. Pressrelease. Hartzell J (Aug 2006) Carbon offsets. Internal Paper, Ethical Property Company, Oxford. International Civil Aviation Organisation (Feb 2004) Operational opportunities to minimise fuel use and reduce emissions. ICAO Circular 303-AN/176. International Civil Aviation Organisation (Mar 2006) ATM-related environmental activities.Working paper ALLPIRG/5-WP/21. International Climate Change Taskforce (Jan 2005) Meeting the climate challenge: Recommendations of the International Climate Change Taskforce. IPPR, London. Jowett, K. (Nov 2005) Flights of fancy over aircraft pollution. Article in Transport Times. Lee D (2004) The science of aviation induced climate change. Proceedings of the UK Energy Research Centre, ‘Workable metrics for the EU emissions trading scheme’.Lee D (2006 Owen B and Lee D (Mar 2006) Allocation of international aviation emissions from scheduled air traffic – future cases, 2005–2050 (Report 3). Manchester Metropolitan University Centre for Air Transport and the Environment, Final report to DEFRA Global Atmosphere Division, Sewill B (Feb 2003) The Hidden Cost of Flying, Aviation Environment Federation, London. TE/CAN-Europe (2006) Clearing the air: the myth and reality of aviation and climate change. TE 06/2, Brussels. The Guardian (27/1/06) Passengers abandon northern flights for Virgin’s high-speed west coast tilting Pendolinos. The Guardian (22/2/06) Most Britons willing to pay green taxes to save the environment. Report based on a poll 17–19 Feb 2006. The Observer (26/6/05) Britain backs curb on cheap flights. Report based on a poll 10–12 June 2005. Trucost (Mar 2004) Emissions trading and European Aviation – the effects of incorporating aviation into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, London

Butterflies Are Free, a Full-Length Play

Butterflies Are Free, a Full-Length Play Don Baker and Jill Tanner have adjoining apartments in a lower income section of New York City in the late 1960s. Don is in his early 20s and Jill is 19 years old. The play opens with Don moving around his meticulously kept apartment while talking on the phone with his mother. Jill is watching TV loudly in her place. Since the walls are paper-thin, the two neighbors talk to each other in their separate dwellings before Jill finally invites herself over. She is a flighty, commitment-phobe, who has recently moved to New York to attempt a career as an actress. Some keys to her personality include her escape from her life in California, her constant search for food to munch on, and a six-day marriage when she was just 16 years old. (Read an online copy of the monologue in which Jill describes the circumstances of her startlingly short marriage.) Don has lived a sheltered life and his move to New York for two months is a deal he has struck with his mother to prove to himself and to her that he is self-sufficient and can live on his own. The reason he has never lived apart from his mother is that Don is blind. He is only beginning to discover who he is and what he might like to do with his life. The two neighbors quickly fall for each other. At the end of the first act, they have climbed into his bed and begun an affair. Jill is as fascinated with Don’s life as Don is with her. The two seem to balance each other out and make a good match. But before Don and Jill have had a chance to put their clothes back on, again in walks Don’s mother who just happened to be in the neighborhood after a shopping trip to Saks Fifth Avenue (30-some blocks away). She is less than pleased with what she has found. Mrs. Baker is understandably protective of her son and sees Jill as a ship passing in the night. She dislikes the girl and after Don leaves to get food from a deli, she explains to the 19-year-old what a life with Don entails. To the flighty and erratic young girl, the picture Mrs. Baker paints sounds more like a prison than a life. Jill decides to take Mrs. Baker’s advice and proceeds to fall into the arms of a director at her next audition. The play climaxes with Don and Jill fighting about the glaring personality flaws they see in one another and Don dealing with feeling doomed to move back in with his mother. Jill leaves him in a furious state and Don frantically moves around his apartment until he becomes disoriented, trips over his furniture and falls on the floor. Jill comes to investigate and regrets their fight. The play ends with a slight hope for their relationship. Production Details The production notes for Butterflies are Free are as specific and meticulous as the apartment of a man who is blind would need to be. The script, available from Samuel French, includes a detailed floor plan for the set as well as a four-page prop list. Lighting and costume needs are minimal, but the set pieces are described in detail by the characters within their dialogue and therefore need to be constructed accordingly. The two most important items are Don’s lofted bed over the door to his bathroom and a bathtub/dining table. Both are described in the dialogue and the production notes. Cast Size:  This play can accommodate 4 actors.Male Characters:  2Female Characters:  2 Roles Don Baker  is a young  blind man. He is in his 20s and excited to be living on his own for the first time in his life. He is appreciative of his protective mother but is ready to experience a less sheltered life. He quickly falls for his exciting and independent neighbor, but he is naà ¯ve in his expectations for their relationship. Jill Tanner  is young enough and pretty enough that she can afford to be reckless in her decisions and relationships. She is fascinated by and attracted to Don. There is real chemistry between them, but her flighty nature rebels against the idea that Don could tie her down to a life she is ill-equipped to lead. Mrs. Baker  is Don’s overbearing but well-meaning mother. She does not approve of him moving away from home to New York. It is as  big a step for her to let her son live independently as it is for Don to actually be living on his own. She is abrupt and controlling, but ultimately this is because she has her son’s best interests at heart. Ralph Austin  is the director of Jill’s new show. He is more than thrilled to have the amorous attentions of the pretty young girl. He is excited to meet Don after everything Jill has told him about Don’s life. Ralph is unaware of the effect his words and presence have on everyone in the apartment when he shows up late at night with Jill. Content Issues:  Sexual talk and relationships, limited clothing, language Music The song that Don writes that serves as the title of the show. â€Å"Butterflies are Free,† is under copyright by Sunbury Music, Inc. There is  a video that contains an excerpt of the song from the movie  and  Samuelfrench.com  offers the sheet music. Productions Butterflies Are Free  debuted in 1969 at the Booth Theater in New York City.Goldie Hawn and Edward Albert starred in the  1972 film production of Butterflies Are Free.Production Rights for Butterflies Are Free  are held by  Samuel French, Inc.You can read  portions of the script on Google books.

The Rhetorical Tradition Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Rhetorical Tradition - Term Paper Example By defining this, there was also the ability to understand the power of rhetoric and both the good and harmful aspects of this. The belief which Plato held was that through true rhetoric, truth and justice could be found; however, this had to be without the intent of manipulation or power, as approached from the Sophists. The first concept which Plato introduces in his work comes from the indictment of rhetoric in Gorgias. The analysis which Plato condemned in terms of the Sophists and Gorgias was based on how rhetoric and philosophy was not able to create crucial or persuasive forces when speaking. Plato stated that the rhetoric used was not defined by finding truth, but instead was based on the other intentions behind the persuasion. â€Å"Because Plato so successfully anticipates the major issues that attend rhetoric throughout its long history – issues like power, the potential for manipulation, and rhetoric’s relationship to truth – Gorgias has long been vi ewed as a valuable treatment of the Sophists in particular and rhetoric in general† (Herrick, 2009, p. 57). The approach which Plato takes toward Gorgias, as well as the Sophists, is based on the concept that manipulation and power were the basis of the intent of speaking and persuasion. This was done instead of working to solutions or finding the truth of a given situation. Plato points out that the politicians as well as others in power had the most use for this, specifically because the rhetoric could be used to persuade others to move in a different manner. The concept of the rhetoric used for power and manipulation was combined with the question of what rhetoric should be used for and how this could change the intent of one speaking for persuasion. The concept which Plato uses is one that shows that there is a need to question the purpose of rhetoric, what it is used for and the intent behind the individual who is speaking. The question was based on what the nature of per suasion was used for and why it was used. â€Å"In Gorgias, Plato addresses major questions attending rhetoric throughout its history†¦What was the nature of rhetoric? Does rhetoric by its very nature tend to mislead? What happens to a society when persuasion forms the basis of law and justice?† (Herrick, 2009, p. 58). The concept that Plato was challenging was based on the intent of rhetoric. If the rhetoric is used for power, then it becomes untrue and doesn’t provide a sense of persuasion. When looking at rhetoric one could define that the nature of persuasion was one which was either for justice or was for power and manipulation. The nature then became dependent on the intent of persuasion as well as the way in which the rhetoric was used. The underlying problem which Plato challenged with the rhetoric of the Sophists became the one which questioned the persuasion as the form of law and justice. If the persuasion was used as a way to convince others of somethi ng of justice and truth, then it could be considered fair. However, Plato’s argument was that the Sophists used the persuasion to form law and justice. This was not based on justice, truth or fairness, but was instead based on persuasion and manipulation that could be used to form power and wealth among politicians and others. The concept that Plato defines is the art of rhetoric, in which one could create the belief that the persuasion was

Trade Unions in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Trade Unions in Britain - Essay Example The trade unions in Britain traditionally had a system in which the bargaining was based on industries. This gave the trade unions a sense of institutional security in their operations within the private sector. By 1950, approximately 60% of the workers in the private sector were under collective agreements that had their origins outside their firm of employment. Several events and developments however combined to cause the decline of the trade unions and their influence (Fernie & Metcalf 202). The decline of the trade unions in Britain began in the years since 1979. This was after the election of Margaret Thatcher’s government that had conservative policies that were aimed at weakening the trade unions (Wrigley 2002, p40). This decline followed a period of rapid growth and increase in membership and influence in the 1950s. The collapse of the trade unions could therefore be anticipated following the decline experienced. There were several factors that contributed to the decli ne and the eventual collapse of the trade unions. ... The decline in the unions was also seen in the collective bargaining influence which was said to have declined from 70% to 40% in the years between 1980 and 1998 (Brown et al. 2003, p199). The future of the trade unions in Britain has largely been discussed. The discussion in based on the impact that the trade unions are expected to have in the future, and whether the trade unions are expected to grow or face a decline. The purpose that the trade unions serve has also come under scrutiny. It is however important to understand the role that the trade unions are expected to play so that one can understand the impact that they are likely to have in the country. It is also important to understand the crucial role that is played by the trade union and their function in the country. The 1999 Employment Relations Act in Britain was a significant step in marking the recovery of the political influence held by the trade unions. This came after many years of exclusion from the process of polic y making. The act has also been important in that it has stimulated the increase in the organization of unions, and helped the trade unions in getting recognition from the employers. The act has also paved way for the trade unions to adopt policies that are aimed at increasing their membership across all sectors of the economy. There are however many limitations to the influence that trade unions wield on the Labor government in Britain. While the trade unions have an opportunity to engage the government in dialogue over various labor policies, the government often ignores many of the ideas and representations of the trade unions. The trade unions also find it

The Most Useful (or Important) Scientific Invention Essay Example for Free

The Most Useful (or Important) Scientific Invention Essay The microscope is considered one of the most useful and important scientific inventions known to man. The microscope was invented by Anton van Leeuwenhoek during the seventeenth century. Leeuwenhoek was not a scientist by profession. Initally he made a living selling clothes and buttons, but spent his spare time grinding lenses and constructing microscopes of remarkable quality, such as the light microscope. The light microscope could magnify cells, for instance in plants so you could see a clearer and bigger picture of what they are made of. Over the years, scientists improved on Anton van Leeuwenhoeks microscope by creating microscopes with higher magnifications and far better resolutions, so specimens examined had a sharper image. The latest improvement was the electron microscope, which uses electron beams instead of lamps or mirrors reflecting light like the light microscope. As a result, microscopes have made science today, appear to have more substance, inviting the interest of many young and even old minds. Microscopes also provide the opportunity to identify unknown objects, judging from the various characteristics they may have, so they can be grouped or classed along with others. For instance, microscopes can differentiate between two cells, due to the presence or absence of contents they are supposed to contain. The electron microscope is usually used in such cases as it can magnify the internal structures of a cell where as the light microscope would just give an idea of how the structures are spaced in the cell and not necessarily their characteristics. As simple as this may seem, this differentiation can lead to the diagnosis of a disease that a person may have. This is the main reason why microscopes are so important and useful not only in medical research, but in survival of life as well. The identification of many viruses, fungi, plants, animals and bacteria are owed to the invention of the microscope. Without the microscope, people would not be aware of diseases they may have, which could be life-long, fatal, or contagious, resulting in many deaths and illnesses around the world as there is no way diseases can be cured without being identified. Therefore, the invention of the microscope has proven itself to be very useful from the day of its invention to today, leaving room for even more improvement for years to come.

Curbing illegal immigration in the United States Essay examples -- Imm

Immigration, both legal and illegal, has been an issue since the first European set foot on the shores of this country. Approximately 400,000 new illegals enter the United States each year. With an estimated 11,000,000 people currently living in the U.S. illegally, the problem has reached critical mass (Haerens 18). Dealing with this, costs the country an estimated $113 billion annually: $16.4 billion in Texas alone (Barnes C1). According to the Center For Immigration Studies, tax credits paid to illegal immigrants exceeded payments by illegals by $7.3 billion during the period from 2005 to 2010 (Schulkin 2). Education, health, food assistance, police, and municipal support, also contribute to the overall cost. Many experts and politicians, on both sides of the debate, claim to have solutions to the problem. Sadly, most of them address the symptoms and not the cause. For all the rhetoric, current immigration laws and policies have done little to curtail the influx of illegals into the US, over the past ten years (Passal C2). Consequently, immigration control remains a poorly managed problem. By evaluating the reasons individuals enter this country, and how other countries manage their immigration problem, a different perspective and perhaps novel way to deal with the issue may be considered. A significant motivating factor for illegal entry to the USA is the disparity in lifestyles of their homeland compared to America. Life, for people outside the US, can be very hard. For example: indigenous Mayans in Mexico and Central America suffer severely from racial prejudice. Many peasants in Thailand, Vietnam and China, with hopes of a better life for their offspring, unknowingly ‘sell’ their sons and daughters into prostitution. Life... ...migrant-population- brnational-and-state-trends-2010/. Pomfret, James. Out of Africa and Into China, Immigrants Struggle .Reuters UK. 29 August 2009. Print. Schulkin, Peter. Illegal Immigrants Receive Billions of Dollars More From The IRS Than They Pay In. Center For Immigration Studies, 2011. Print. Slevin, Peter. Deportation of Illegal Immigrants Increases Under Obama Administration. Washington Post. Washington Post Company, 26 Jul. 2010. Web. 14 Oct 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2010/07/25/AR2010072501790.html. Steiner, Niklaus. International Migration and Citizenship Today. Routledge, 2009. Print. Tamny, John. Markets Solve the Immigration Problem. Forbes Magazine. 26 Jan. 2009. Web. 27 Feb. 2012. http://www.forbes.com/2009/01/25/immigration-economy- mexico-oped-cx_jt_0126tamny.html

Insulin and American Diabetes Association

Diabetes is an endocrine disease that affects the blood sugars of individuals throughout the United States. It is one of the leading causes of death. There are three different types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Hispanics are the second highest minority diagnosed with diabetes. Hispanics are less likely to seek medical care because of cultural beliefs and lack of insurance. There is also a genetic link to Hispanics and diabetes.â€Å"Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy† (Mayo Clinic, 2013). This diabetes is common during adolescence but is possible during adulthood. There is no cure for type 1 diabetes but there are medicines that can help an individual that is dealing with this disease. Signs and symptoms for type 1 diabetes is increased thir st, frequent urination, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision.  (Mayo Clinic, 2013)Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are famlial history, location, genetics, and viral exposure. â€Å"Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus, coxsackievirus, mumps virus or cytomegalovirus may trigger the autoimmune destruction of the islet cells, or the virus may directly infect the islet cells† (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. It is when sugar levels are high because the â€Å"body is not able to produce and use all the insulin it needs during pregnancy† . The cause of gestational diabetes is still unknown.Pregnant women are usually tested for gestational diabetes between 24 to 28 weeks but doctors could recommend early testing if the pregnant woman shows signs of diabetes. If it is not controlled, the unborn child could be affected by the high sugar levels. The glucose passes through the placenta and causes the baby’s pancreas to produce mor e insulin to help control the sugar levels. The increase of energy that the glucose gives the unborn child is too much so instead of the baby using it up, it is stored as fat. This increase of fat may cause macrosomia.Macrosomia may cause problems during delivery because it increases the baby’s weight and size. Also, â€Å"the extra insulin that the baby’s pancreas makes may cause newborns to have very low blood glucose levels at birth and are also at higher risk for breathing problems† . According to American Diabetes Association (2013), babies that are born with low levels of sugar are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. â€Å"Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolize sugar (glucose)†.When an individual has type 2 diabetes their body does not produce enough insulin or their body ignores the insulin it has produced. This is commonly in adulthood but there is an increased of cases in adolescent beca use of the obesity is increasing. If type 2 diabetes is untreated, it can be life threatening or cause other health complications. Some complications that may occur are heart disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, eye damage, foot damage, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. â€Å"An individual can manage the condition by eating well, exercising and maintaining a healthy weight† .Risk factors that will contribute to a individual getting type 2 diabetes are their weight, fat distribution, inactivity, familial history, race, age, and if they had gestational diabetes or prediabetes. â€Å"Prediabetes is a condition in which your blood glucose levels is higher than normal, but not too high to be classified as diabetes† . Race plays a factor in type 2 diabetes. African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian American (Pacific Islanders) are more susceptible to it. According to the American Diabetes Association (2013), there are 25.8 million children and adults in the United States living with diabetes.Of those 25. 8 million people 11. 8% of them are Hispanics. Hispanics have a higher rate because of their lack of access to quality health care, social and cultural factors, or genetics. â€Å"The United States Department of Health and Human Services estimates 1 out of every 3 Hispanics do not have health insurance† . Without health insurance Hispanics are least likely to visit doctors for preventive care. This increases their chances to developing a disease that could have been prevented with correct treatment or changes in life style.â€Å"Hispanics are raised to be self-reliant, which may be the reason 42% of them say they have had zero visit to a medical provider† . â€Å"Many Hispanic parents feel guilty about putting their own health needs above those of their families and they feel their time and money could be better spent than using it for preventive care† . They did not go to see the doctor until they are very ill or they use house remedies to help with their illnesses. Sometimes, house remedies worked temporary and then the illnesses comes back stronger than before.At this time, Hispanics might seek professional help. If they do seek medical attention, the doctors find array of illnesses. The doctors attention to the more severe ones and ask them to go back. Since, Hispanics are less likely to see the doctors when they believe they are healthy, they will not go back for a follow-up. Then the cycle may start all over again. A culture factor is Hispanics perceive their weight different than other cultures. â€Å"The researchers found about 25% of the overweight Hispanic women perceive their weight as â€Å"normal† when in fact they are overweight† .The Hispanic culture perceives curves as an attractive feature in women. They are blind to the fact that the curves may be a sign of illnesses such as diabetes. Since Hispanics have a high rate of individuals with diabetes, the pr edisposition of their family members of being diagnose with diabetes is much higher. Studies have shown that when a youth is diagnosed with diabetes there is a 45%-80% chance that one of their parents has diabetes and 74-100% has a first or second degree relative with type 2 diabetes .Diabetes is an illness that greatly affects the Hispanic culture. There are organizations that are trying to create programs to help families and individuals deal with it. The â€Å"National Council for La Raza are focusing their efforts on implementing more healthy shopping programs like the â€Å"Comprando Rico y Sano† (Buying Delicious and Healthy) to help Hispanics make healthier and more economical choices when grocery shopping†. The National Diabetes Prevention Programs is focusing more on finding ways for the prevention of diabetes by getting agencies to help with the cause.They â€Å"encourage collaboration among federal agencies, community-based organizations, employers, insurer s, health care professionals, academia, and other stakeholders to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes among people with prediabetes in the United States†. Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. It could easily be prevented by making healthy life changes such as losing weight and eating healthy. If a person is diagnosed with diabetes, they needed to take measures to help control their condition and make a better choice when it comes to their health. Insulin and American Diabetes Association Diabetes Diabetes is an endocrine disease that affects the blood sugars of individuals throughout the United States. It is one of the leading causes of death. There are three different types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Hispanics are the second highest minority diagnosed with diabetes. Hispanics are less likely to seek medical care because of cultural beliefs and lack of insurance. There is also a genetic link to Hispanics and diabetes.â€Å"Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy† (Mayo Clinic, 2013). This diabetes is common during adolescence but is possible during adulthood. There is no cure for type 1 diabetes but there are medicines that can help an individual that is dealing with this disease. Signs and symptoms for type 1 diabetes is incre ased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision.  (Mayo Clinic, 2013)Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are famlial history, location, genetics, and viral exposure. â€Å"Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus, coxsackievirus, mumps virus or cytomegalovirus may trigger the autoimmune destruction of the islet cells, or the virus may directly infect the islet cells† (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. It is when sugar levels are high because the â€Å"body is not able to produce and use all the insulin it needs during pregnancy† . The cause of gestational diabetes is still unknown.Pregnant women are usually tested for gestational diabetes between 24 to 28 weeks but doctors could recommend early testing if the pregnant woman shows signs of diabetes. If it is not controlled, the unborn child could be affected by the high sugar levels. The glucose passes through the placenta and causes the baby’s pancreas to pr oduce more insulin to help control the sugar levels. The increase of energy that the glucose gives the unborn child is too much so instead of the baby using it up, it is stored as fat. This increase of fat may cause macrosomia.Macrosomia may cause problems during delivery because it increases the baby’s weight and size. Also, â€Å"the extra insulin that the baby’s pancreas makes may cause newborns to have very low blood glucose levels at birth and are also at higher risk for breathing problems† . According to American Diabetes Association (2013), babies that are born with low levels of sugar are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. â€Å"Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolize sugar (glucose)†.When an individual has type 2 diabetes their body does not produce enough insulin or their body ignores the insulin it has produced. This is commonly in adulthood but there is an increased of cases in adoles cent because of the obesity is increasing. If type 2 diabetes is untreated, it can be life threatening or cause other health complications. Some complications that may occur are heart disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, eye damage, foot damage, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. â€Å"An individual can manage the condition by eating well, exercising and maintaining a healthy weight† .Risk factors that will contribute to a individual getting type 2 diabetes are their weight, fat distribution, inactivity, familial history, race, age, and if they had gestational diabetes or prediabetes. â€Å"Prediabetes is a condition in which your blood glucose levels is higher than normal, but not too high to be classified as diabetes† . Race plays a factor in type 2 diabetes. African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian American (Pacific Islanders) are more susceptible to it.According to the American Diabetes Association (2013), there are 25.8 million children an d adults in the United States living with diabetes. Of those 25. 8 million people 11. 8% of them are Hispanics. Hispanics have a higher rate because of their lack of access to quality health care, social and cultural factors, or genetics. â€Å"The United States Department of Health and Human Services estimates 1 out of every 3 Hispanics do not have health insurance† . Without health insurance Hispanics are least likely to visit doctors for preventive care. This increases their chances to developing a disease that could have been prevented with correct treatment or changes in life style.â€Å"Hispanics are raised to be self-reliant, which may be the reason 42% of them say they have had zero visit to a medical provider† . â€Å"Many Hispanic parents feel guilty about putting their own health needs above those of their families and they feel their time and money could be better spent than using it for preventive care† . They did not go to see the doctor until they are very ill or they use house remedies to help with their illnesses. Sometimes, house remedies worked temporary and then the illnesses comes back stronger than before.At this time, Hispanics might seek professional help. If they do seek medical attention, the doctors find array of illnesses. The doctors attention to the more severe ones and ask them to go back. Since, Hispanics are less likely to see the doctors when they believe they are healthy, they will not go back for a follow-up. Then the cycle may start all over again. A culture factor is Hispanics perceive their weight different than other cultures. â€Å"The researchers found about 25% of the overweight Hispanic women perceive their weight as â€Å"normal† when in fact they are overweight† .The Hispanic culture perceives curves as an attractive feature in women. They are blind to the fact that the curves may be a sign of illnesses such as diabetes. Since Hispanics have a high rate of individuals with diabete s, the predisposition of their family members of being diagnose with diabetes is much higher. Studies have shown that when a youth is diagnosed with diabetes there is a 45%-80% chance that one of their parents has diabetes and 74-100% has a first or second degree relative with type 2 diabetes .Diabetes is an illness that greatly affects the Hispanic culture. There are organizations that are trying to create programs to help families and individuals deal with it. The â€Å"National Council for La Raza are focusing their efforts on implementing more healthy shopping programs like the â€Å"Comprando Rico y Sano† (Buying Delicious and Healthy) to help Hispanics make healthier and more economical choices when grocery shopping†. The National Diabetes Prevention Programs is focusing more on finding ways for the prevention of diabetes by getting agencies to help with the cause.They â€Å"encourage collaboration among federal agencies, community-based organizations, employers , insurers, health care professionals, academia, and other stakeholders to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes among people with prediabetes in the United States†. Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. It could easily be prevented by making healthy life changes such as losing weight and eating healthy. If a person is diagnosed with diabetes, they needed to take measures to help control their condition and make a better choice when it comes to their health.

American Indians Essay

The people now known as Indians or Native Americans were the first people to live in the Americas. They had been living there for thousands of years before any Europeans arrived. The Vikings explored the east coast of North America around A. D. 1000 and had some contact with Indians (Watson & Howell 1980). But lasting contact between Indians and Europeans began with Christopher Columbus’s voyages to the Americas. In 1492, Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. He was seeking a short sea route to the Indies, which then included India, China, the East Indies, and Japan. Europeans did not then know that North and South America existed. When Columbus landed in what is now known as the West Indies, he did not realize he had come to a New World. He thought he had reached the Indies, and so he called the people he met Indians. Almost every Indian group had its own name. Many of these names reflected the pride of each group in itself and its way of life. For example, the Delaware Indians of eastern North America called themselves Lenape, which means genuine people. Today, many Indians refer to themselves as Native Americans. The first Indians came to the New World from Siberia, in Asia. Most scientists think they arrived at least 15,000 years ago. At that time huge ice sheets covered much of the northern half of the earth. The Bering Strait, which today is a narrow area of water that separates Asia and North America, was easily walked across by the Indians who were following the animals that they were hunting. Much later this ice sheet melted and the land bridge became covered with water. By then, Indian groups had already spread throughout the New World, all over North and South America. These Indian groups developed different cultures because of the different climates and landforms in the regions in which they settled. Body Anthropologists, scientists who study human culture, classify the hundreds of North and South American Indian tribes into groups of tribes that are alike. These groups are called culture areas. Some of the cultures of North America are the Arctic; the Northeast, or Eastern Woodlands; the Plains; and Southwest. The Indians spoke hundreds of different languages and had many different ways of life. Some groups lived in great cities and others in small villages. The Aztec and the Maya of Central America built large cities. Some of the Aztec cities had as many as 100,000 people. The Maya built special buildings in which they studied the moon, the stars, and the sun. They also developed a calendar and a system of writing. Many of the Indians of Eastern North America lived in villages. They hunted and farmed, growing such crops as beans, corns and squash (Bains, 1985). Most of the Indians were friendly at first and taught the newcomers many things. The European explorers followed Indian trails to sources of water and deposits of copper, gold, silver, turquoise, and other minerals. The Indians taught them to make snowshoes and sleds and to travel by canoe. Food was another of the Indians’ important gifts. The Indians grew many foods that the newcomers had never heard of, such as avocados, corn, peanuts, peppers, pineapples, potatoes, squash, and tomatoes. They also introduced the whites to tobacco. The Indians, in turn, learned much from the whites. The Europeans brought many goods that were new to the Indians. These goods included metal tools, guns, and liquor. The Europeans also brought cattle and horses, which were unknown to the Indians. The Europeans and the Indians had widely different ways of life. Some Europeans tried to understand the Indians’ ways and treated them fairly. But others cheated the Indians and took their land. When the Indians fought back, thousands of them were killed in battle. At first, they had only bows and arrows and spears, but the Europeans had guns. Even more Indians died from measles, smallpox, and other new diseases introduced by the whites. As the Europeans moved westward across North America, they became a greater threat to the Indian way of life. Finally, most of the remaining Indians were moved onto reservations. Most daily activities of an Indian family centered on providing the main necessities of life such as food, clothing, and shelter. Men and women usually had separate tasks. For example, both men and women were often involved in providing food. But they did so in different ways. In some areas, the women gathered wild plants for food, and the men hunted. In the Northeast and Southeast culture areas, the men hunted, and the women farmed the land. In parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico and in Middle and South America, the men did the farming. The women gathered plants. In all areas, women were generally responsible for preparing the food. Many Indians married at an early age, the girls between 13 and 15 and the boys between 15 and 20. In some Indian tribes, the parents or other relatives chose the marriage partners for the young people. In other tribes, especially those of North America, a young man could select his own mate. He had to convince the girl and her parents that he would make a suitable husband. In many cases, he offered them valuable gifts to win their approval. Throughout most of the New World, marriage was a family affair and not a religious ceremony. The boy’s family usually gave presents to the bride’s family. Many newly married couples lived with the girl’s family and the husband worked for her family until the birth of a child. Then the couple might establish their own home. But they generally did not move to a new home in a new area. Many other newly married couples joined an existing family group or lived close to one. Some of the couples moved in with other relatives of the woman or with the relatives of the man. This extended family shared with the daily work of the household, including the raising of children. Many Indian groups allowed men to have more than one wife. But this practice was common only among rich or powerful men. After a man died, his wife would often live with his brother as husband and wife even if the brother was already married. Similarly, if a woman died, her family would probably be expected to give her husband another unmarried daughter to replace her. Most Indian families were small because many children died at birth or as babies. Indian children were praised when they behaved well and shamed when they misbehaved. Only the Aztec and Inca tribes had regular schools. Boys and girls of other tribes learned to perform men’s and women’s jobs by helping their parents and older brothers and sisters. After most boys reached their early teens, they went through a test of strength or bravery called an initiation ceremony. Many went without food for a long period or lived alone in the wilderness. In some tribes, a boy was expected to have a vision of the spirit that would become his lifelong guardian. Some groups also had initiation ceremonies for girls. A teenager who successfully completed an initiation ceremony was considered an adult and ready to be married. Food that Indians ate depended on where they lived. Indian tribes that lived on the plains of the United States, where buffalo and other game were plentiful, ate mainly meat. Meat was also the principal food of those Indians who inhabited the woodlands and tundra (frigid treeless plain) of Alaska and Canada. The Pueblo of the Southwest and other farming groups lived chiefly on beans, corn, and squash. Potatoes were an important crop among the Inca. MacNeish (1992) stated that Indians in the tropical areas of South America made bread from the roots of bitter cassava, a small shrub. Tribes that lived near water caught fish and gathered shellfish. Most Indian groups ate berries, nuts, roots, seeds, and wild plants. They also gathered salt and collected maple sap wherever they could. Indians made a kind of tea from such plants as sassafras and wintergreen. Many Indians drank a mild beer that was known as chicha. They made this beer from corn, cassava, peanuts, or potatoes. Indians who ate mostly meat cooked it by roasting, broiling, or boiling. Farming Indians and others who ate chiefly vegetables developed various methods of boiling or baking. They often made pit ovens by lining holes in the ground with hot stones. Indians preserved meat by smoking it or by drying it in the sun. North American Indians mixed dried meat with grease and berries to make a food called pemmican. Most Indians ate with their fingers, but some used spoons made from animal bones, shells, or wood. Indians built many kinds of homes because they lived in different climates and had different building materials available to them (Brandt & Guzzi, 1985). Those who moved about a great deal had simple shelters they could carry easily, or they built temporary shelters. Indians who stayed in one place built larger, more permanent homes. Some groups built large houses where many families lived together. Others had simple dwellings that housed only a few people. In some cases, shelter changed with the season. Some Indians in Canada built snow houses during the winter. But in the summer, they lived in tents made of animal hides. In the United States, these Indians are sometimes called Eskimos. In other areas, the Indians covered their tepees with animal skins or with tree bark. Indians at the southern tip of South America also used skins to cover shelters called windbreaks, which were open on one side. Some tribes of the Northwest made cloth of bark and reeds, and the Pueblo wove cotton cloth. The Aztec, Inca, Maya, and some Caribbean tribes wove beautiful cotton and woolen cloth. Indians in the hot South American areas often wore no clothing at all. In many tribes, a man wore only a breechcloth, a narrow band of cloth that passed between the legs and looped over the front and rear of a belt. Women wore simple aprons or skirts. Indians in colder climates wore leggings, shirts, and robes. Some wore sandals or moccasins to protect their feet. Travel by water was the most common means of transportation. Many Indians used bark canoes, which were light and easy to carry. Some large dugout canoes carried as many as 60 people. The Plains tribes used dogs and, later, horses to pull a load-carrying frame called a travois. Andean Indians used alpacas and llamas as beasts of burden. But these animals could not carry heavy loads, so the people themselves carried most of their goods. People often supported a heavy load on their back with a pack strap called a tumpline. Indians of the Arctic and the Northwest Coast and some other areas hunted or fished for most of their food. They also hunted some birds only for the feathers, and they prized the fur of beavers and certain other animals. Indians in the West got most of their food by gathering wild seeds, nuts, and roots. Even in the Southwest and other farming areas, hunting, gathering, and fishing were important. The most important game animals of North and South America included deer; rabbits and other small game: ducks, geese, herons, seals, sea lions, whales, turtles, and snakes. Bear, buffalo, caribou, elk, and moose lived only in North America. Animals that were hunted mainly in South America included the guanaco, jaguar, peccary, rhea, and tapir. Indians hunted with the same kinds of weapons they used in war. Many bows and arrows, spears, and clubs had special features for hunting. For example, some Indians used unsharpened arrows to shoot birds in trees. These arrows stunned the birds so that they fell to the ground. The Hopi stunned small game with a kind of boomerang. The Indians caught fish with harpoons, hooks and lines, spears, and traps and nets. Tribes of the Northwest Coast also used long poles called herring rakes. These poles had jagged points and could catch a number of herring at one time. In tropical South America, Indians stood on river sand bars and shot fish with bows and arrows. Both North and South American Indians used drugs to catch fish. In one method, Indians chopped up certain plants and threw them in the water. These plants stunned the fish. Then the Indians could easily scoop them out of the water. Indians of the Northeast and the Tropical Forest used slash-and-burn farming methods. They cut down a number of trees and burned them. Then they planted their crops among the trunks. The ashes from the burned trees served as fertilizer. Indians in Mexico and the Southern United States raised turkeys. Wars occurred from time to time among the tribes of the Americas. But not all tribes took part in warfare. Many tribes opposed fighting, and others were so small that they did not have enough warriors to fight a war. Many of the Indian leaders who tried to defend their tribes and land against the white people became famous warriors. They included King Philip, a Wampanoag; Pontiac, an Ottawa; Tecumseh, a Shawnee; Osceola, a Seminole; Crazy Horse, of the Sioux; and Geronimo, an Apache. The bow and arrow was probably the most common Indian weapon throughout North and South America. Some South American tribes put poison on their arrowheads. Many Indians fought with spears and war clubs (Steele & Galdone 1992). The Indians of eastern North America developed a special type of club known as the tomahawk. A weapon of the Aztec consisted of pieces of obsidian (volcanic glass) stuck into a wooden club. South American Indians used blowguns and slings. Warfare gave Indians a chance to achieve high rank in their tribes. On the Plains, it was considered braver to touch a live enemy and get away than to kill the enemy. This act was known as counting coup â€Å"koo†. Warriors on the Plains carried a coup stick into battle and attempted to touch an enemy with it. Those warriors who counted coup wore eagle feathers as signs of their courage.